The epistemological structure of mobilities: tourism, touring and consumption in the days of terrorism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1234/RAT2011n11Keywords:
Epistemology, Tourism, Consumption, French Tradition, TerrorismAbstract
Purpose: This essay review intends to revolve two problems which though imagined as different, can be addressed altogether. On one hand, the advance of terrorism as a major threat to tourism industry, while –on the other- we discuss the ontological nature of tourism as a rite of passage, which is vital to keep the political legitimacy of officialdom. At the time, paradoxically, social scientists shrug off tourism as a naïve commercial activity, the main tourist destinations are being attacked by jihadism. This suggests that the disinterest of ones associates to the interests of others.
Finding: We hold the thesis that tourism derives from ancient institutions, which illuminated in the growth of Occident and the formation of hospitality. Capitalism hides the importance of tourism as a mere trivialization as a bit-player. However, a closer look reminds precisely the opposite. The recent attacks perpetrated at main destinations reveals tourism as an exemplary (symbolic) centre of West, a source of authority and power for the existing hierarchal order.
Research Implications: the issue captivates the attention of scholars, officials and policy makers at the same time, epistemologists of tourism receive a fresh novel debate regarding the origins of tourism.
Originality-Value: It is a great paradox that tourism would be selected as a target for jihadism but at the same time a naïve activity for social scientists or at the least by the French Tradition. Despite the partisan criticism exerted on tourism as an alienatory force, this work showed two important aspects, which merits to be discussed. At a closer look, tourism should be understood as “a rite of passage” whose function associates to the revitalization of those glitches happened during the cycles of production. Secondly and most important, tourism accommodates those frustrations to prevent acts of separatism or the rise of extreme conflict among classes.References
Altheide, D. (2006). Terrorist and the Politics of Fear. Oxford: Altamira Press.
Altheide, D. (2009). “Moral Panic, From sociological concept to public discourse”. Crime and Media Culture. Vol. 5 (1): 79-99.
Altheide, D (2017) The Politics of Terrorism. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Arana, J. E., & León, C. J. (2008). The impact of terrorism on tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 299-315.
Augé, M. (1996). Paris and the Ethnography of the Contemporary World. Parisian fields, pp. 175-81.
Augé, M. (1997). L’impossible voyage: le tourisme et ses images (The impossible journey: tourism and its images). Paris: Payot and Rivages.
Augé, M. (1999). An anthropology for contemporaneous worlds. California, CA: Stanford University Press.
Augé, M. (2002). Diario de Guerra: el mundo después del 11 de Septiembre (War Diary: the world after September 11th). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Augé, M. (2001). “No-lugares y espacio público-Non-places and public space (No- places and space - Non-public places and public space)”. Quaderns d’arquitectura i urbanisme, (231): 6-15.
Augé, M. (2008). Non-Places: An Introduction to Supermodernity, trans. John Howe. London and New York: Verso.
Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism management, 22(1), 1-9.
Bassil, C. (2014). The effect of terrorism on tourism demand in the Middle East. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4), 669-684.
Bassols, N. (2016). Branding and promoting a country amidst a long-term conflict: The case of Colombia. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(4), 314-324.
Bianchi, R. (2006). Tourism and the globalisation of fear: Analysing the politics of risk and (in) security in global travel. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 64-74.
Bianchi, R. V., & Stephenson, M. L. (2013). Deciphering tourism and citizenship in a globalized world. Tourism Management, 39, 10-20.
Bigne, J. E., & Andreu, L. (2004). Emotions in segmentation: An empirical study. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 682-696.
Bleiker, R., & Hutchison, E. (2008). Fear no more: emotions and world politics. Review of international studies, 34(S1), 115-135.
Boorstin, D. (1962). From traveler to tourist: The lost art of travel. The image: Or what happened to the American dream, 77, 117.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201.
Cresswell, T. (2001) ‘The production of mobilities,’ New Formations, 43(1): 11-25.
Crouch, G. I. (1994). The study of international tourism demand: a survey of practice. Journal of Travel research, 32(4), 41-55.
Diken, B., & Laustsen, C. B. (2002). Zones of indistinction: Security, terror, and bare life. Space and culture, 5(3), 290-307.
Diken, B. (2011). Fire as a metaphor of (im) mobility. Mobilities, 6(1), 95-102.
Durkheim, E. (2014). The division of labor in society. New York, Simon and Schuster.
Dwyer, L., Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C., & Scott, N. (2009). Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future. Tourism management, 30(1), 63-74.
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2011). The political economy of terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fernández, J. I. P., & Rivero, M. S. (2009). Measuring tourism sustainability: proposal for a composite index. Tourism Economics, 15(2), 277-296.
Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1), 10-26.
Graburn, N. H. (1983). The anthropology of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 10(1), 9-33.
Graburn, N. H (1989) Tourism: the sacred journey. Hosts and Guests. The anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 21-36
Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. J., & Duval, D. T. (2012). Safety and security in tourism: relationships, management, and marketing. London: Routledge.
Howie, L. (2012). Witnesses to terror: Understanding the meanings and consequences of terrorism. Basingstoke: Plagrave-Macmillan
Korstanje, M. E. (2015). The Spirit of Terrorism: tourism, unionization and terrorism. Pasos, 13(1), 239.
Korstanje M E (2017) Terrorism, Tourism and the End of Hospitality in the West. New York: Springer Nature.
Korstanje M E (2018) Mobilities Paradox: a radical analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Korstanje, M. E & Busby G. (2010) Understanding the bible as the roots of physical displacement: the origin of tourism. E-Review of Tourism Research. Vol. 8 (3): 95-111
Korstanje, M. E., & Clayton, A. (2012). Tourism and terrorism: conflicts and commonalities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 4(1), 8-25.
Korstanje, M. E., & Olsen, D. H. (2011). The discourse of risk in horror movies post 9/11: hospitality and hostility in perspective. International Journal of Tourism Anthropology, 1(3-4), 304-317.
Korstanje M. E & Seraphin, H (2017) “Revisiting the sociology of consumption tourism”. In The Routledge Handbook of Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism, Abingdon, Routledge, pp. 16-25
Korstanje, M. E., & Tarlow, P. (2012). Being lost: tourism, risk and vulnerability in the post-‘9/11’entertainment industry. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10(1), 22-33.
Korstanje, M. E., Tzanelli, R., & Clayton, A. (2014). Brazilian World cup 2014: Terrorism, tourism, and social conflict. Event Management, 18(4),
Krippendorf, J (1975). Die Landschaftsfresser: Tourismus u. Erholungslandschaft. Bern: Hallwag.
Krippendorf, J. (1982). Towards new tourism policies: The importance of environmental and sociocultural factors. Tourism Management, 3(3), 135-148.
Krippendorf, J. (1986). The new tourist—turning point for leisure and travel. Tourism Management, 7(2), 131-135.
Krippendorf, J. (1987). The Holiday-makers: Understanding the Impact of Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Krippendorf J. (1989). Fur einen Anderen Tourimus: Probleme-Perspektiven. Frankfurt Am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch Verl.
Krippendorf, J. (1995). Freizeit & Tourismus: eine Einfuhrung in Theorie und Politiks. Bern, FIF.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
MacCannell, D. (1992). Empty meeting grounds: The tourist papers. London: Psychology Press.
MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist agency. Tourist studies, 1(1), 23-37.
Mansfeld, Y. (1999). Cycles of war, terror, and peace: Determinants and management of crisis and recovery of the Israeli tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 30-36.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. London: Routledge
Malinowski, B. (1944). A Scientific Theory of Culture, and Other Essays. Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Meethan, K. (2001). Tourism in global society: Place, culture, consumption. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Meethan, K. (2003). Mobile cultures? Hybridity, tourism and cultural change. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(1), 11-28.
Nogues Pedregal, A. M. (2009). Genealogía de la difícil relación entre antropología social y turismo. Pasos. Revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural, 7, 1.
Larsen, S., & Brun, W. (2011). ‘I am not at risk–typical tourists are’! Social comparison of risk in tourists. Perspectives in Public Health, 131(6), 275-279.
Lash, S., & Urry, J. (1993). Economies of signs and space (Vol. 26). London: Sage.
Paraskevas, A., & Arendell, B. (2007). A strategic framework for terrorism prevention and mitigation in tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1560-1573.
Paoli, U. E. (1963). Rome: Its people, life, and customs. London: Longman.
Pigram, J. J., & Wahab, S. (Eds.). (2005). Tourism, development and growth: the challenge of sustainability. Abingdon: Routledge.
Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2002). Severity versus frequency of acts of terrorism: Which has a larger impact on tourism demand?. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337-339.
Pizam, A., & Smith, G. (2000). Tourism and terrorism: A quantitative analysis of major terrorist acts and their impact on tourism destinations. Tourism Economics, 6(2), 123-138.
Rashid, T., & Robinson, N. (2010). Crisis and risks in tourism: death takes a holiday–debunking the myth of terrorism and its psychological impact on the tourism industry. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 3(4), 348-353.
Ryan, C. (2002). Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability—issues of the ‘new tourism’. Tourism management, 23(1), 17-26.
Ryan, C. (1993). Crime, violence, terrorism and tourism: an accidental or intrinsic relationship?. Tourism Management, 14(3), 173-183.
Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development: A cross-country panel analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509-521.
Salazar, N (2015) Becoming Cosmopolitan through traveling? Some anthropological reflections. English Language and Literature. Vol 61 (1): 51-67
Sandler, T., & Enders, W. (2004). An economic perspective on transnational terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(2), 301-316.
Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and planning A, 38(2), 207-226.
Scheyvens, R. (2012). Tourism and poverty. Abingdon: Routledge.
Scheyvens, R., & Momsen, J. H. (2008). Tourism and poverty reduction: issues for small island states. Tourism Geographies, 10(1), 22-41.
Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Donohoe, H., & Kiousis, S. (2013). Using social media in times of crisis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2), 126-143.
Smith, V. L. (Ed.). (2012). Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Smith, V. L. (2001). The nature of tourism. Hosts and guests revisited: tourism issues of the 21st century. Smith V & Brent M, Elmsford: Cognizant Communication, pp. 53-68.
Sönmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2), 416-456.
Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112-144.
Tarlow, P (2006) “A social theory of Terrorism and tourism”. In Tourism Security and Safety. Mansfield Y & Pizam A. London: Routledge, pp 33-48
Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety. Oxford, Elsevier.
Tribe, J. (1997). The indiscipline of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 24(3), 638-657.
Tribe, J. (2010). Tribes, territories and networks in the tourism academy. Annals of tourism research, 37(1), 7-33.
Turner, V. (1995). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. New York: Transaction Publishers.
Tzanelli, R. (2007). The Cinematic Tourist: Explorations in Globalisation, Culture and Resistance. London and New York, NY: Routledge.
Uriely, N., Maoz, D., & Reichel, A. (2007). Rationalising terror‐related risks: The case of Israeli tourists in Sinai. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(1), 1-8.
Urry, J. (1990). Theconsumption'of tourism. Sociology, 24(1), 23-35.
Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze “revisited”. American Behavioral Scientist, 36(2), 172-186.
Urry J (2002) “the Global Complexities of September 11th”. Theory, Culture & Society. 19 (4): 57-69
Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
Van Gennep, A. (2011). The rites of passage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Vanhove, N. (2011). The economics of tourism destinations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Vidal-Naquet, P. (2001). El mundo de Homero. Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Weaver, D., & Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism management. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo al igual que licenciado bajo una Creative Commons Attribution License que permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
